Holidays and other times with family sometimes bring dread for clients. They often complain about relatives with conflicting beliefs and even conspiracy theories. This can even activate client anxiety, depression, or other difficulties. What can therapists tell clients about why conspiracy theories are appealing for some and how to normalize these interactions?
There is a wealth of research from social psychology that examines multiple reasons for conspiracy theories. One major reason found is that conspiracy theories can make people’s feel special and individualized. An emphasis on being “in the know” about “secretive” events provides the belief that one has a superior knowledge. It also appears to provide a sense of superior morality and understanding to some.
Related evidence finds that conspiracy theories provide individuals a sense of community within a group. This can happen when someone feels a need for community or social connection. It also gives people a sense of belonging to a group that sees itself as morally right against others with hidden motives. Therefore, these strengthen in-group/out-group forces that can be so strong for humans.
Still other theories examine cognitive factors for how we appraise information and conspiracy theories. These studies find that appraising conspiracy theories as accurate or important provides certainty to many individuals in an uncertain world. It also may provide a sense of control in a highly uncontrollable world or justified in an unjust world.
Some studies point to personality types or worldviews predicting higher likelihood of espousing conspiracy theories. For example, research showing desire for uniqueness or specialness in the world combined with physical health and social narratives. However, research on personality factors’ contribution to the development of ones belief in conspiracy theories might be viewed tentatively for practical therapy purposes.
For clients in therapy who believe conspiracy theories, it is up to each clinician to decide whether that belief is relevant to the client’s goals for therapy. Therapists may feel the pull to correct or question the client, but targeted therapeutic approaches are usually only warranted when those beliefs contribute to the client’s presenting problem(s).
Many clients try to navigate interactions with family members who hold these beliefs. All helpful strategies can be framed in the lens of making the interaction easier on the client themself, as opposed to the other individual(s).
First, it is usually best to encourage them not to try to correct a family member that discusses conspiracy theories or conflicting beliefs. This can only lead to arguments. In terms of exposure therapy, they may listen to the family member without trying to correct them (even if it is difficult or activating). CBT can also help clients examine and challenge beliefs regarding relevance of family member’s belief to their own beliefs or efficacy.
Clients can also use “acting as if” strategies or approaching with curiosity. These strategies can look like asking questions about conspiracy beliefs in a nonjudgement way. Role playing can help clients with all strategies prior to these interactions.
We’ve all probably been there with family or other individuals. Luckily there are ways therapists can help clients understand and make sense of conspiracy theories. There are also ways clients can approach them to make their own family experiences much easier for them.
